Patella Subluxation
There are a number of problems that can strike the knee, but few are as painful as patellar subluxation. Read on for information regarding this painful knee issue and how to help treat it.
Anatomy Note
The trochlea is a groove on the thigh bone that is essential for knee movement. The kneecap slides up and down this groove, which allows your knee to bend properly. In some cases, the kneecap does not slide properly along this groove, which can lead to problems. In some cases, the knee leaves the groove altogether, which results in knee dislocation. In others it just slides improperly, which can cause pain or discomfort for the patient.
Patellar subluxation usually strikes adolescents or young children, however it can affect anyone. There are a number of reasons why someone may get patellar subluxation, including being born with a groove that is too shallow, a wide pelvis or abnormalities in ones gait.
A doctor will typically take X-rays of the knee to assess the damage. If the kneecap has left the groove altogether, the knee will have to be put back in place. If the knee is still within the groove, there are a number of other treatment options available.
Therapy
Physical therapy is commonly used to treat patellar subluxation. Strengthening the hip abductors and hip flexors is crucial to controlling the motion of the kneecap. This is accomplished using a range of pelvic stabilization exercises, which help to strengthen the muscles and support your knee.
Your Shoes
Take a look at your footwear. Improper shoes can promote an abnormal gait. Making sure that you have decent footwear can both help control your gait, and lessen the tension on your knee.
Using A Knee Brace
Using a knee brace can help provide knee support and to lessen the pain. There are knee braces that help control the knee cap, so it does not deviate from its course along the groove in the trochlea. These knee braces can be effective in decreasing knee pain as well.
Surgery
In some cases, the above treatment options may not work in the long term, and surgery may be required. In most cases surgery is not needed, but if your knee constantly gets dislocated or you are in severe pain a lot of the time, there may be no other option.
Patellar subluxation can cause other problems with the knee to occur. For instance, osteoarthritis can be caused by patellar subluxation, which is why consulting your physician is a wise decision if you are experiencing knee pain.
Archive for February, 2010
Patellar Subluxation – An Open Patella Knee Brace Can Make All the Difference – Knee Pain Relief
02.28
Dog Dental Hygiene
02.20
Most people would not dream of skimping on dental hygiene when it comes to themselves or the people they love. Routine dental visits to check for cavities are musts in addition to the morning and night routine of brushing and flossing. But while it makes sense that human teeth need constant attention, the idea that a pet’s dental health is important as well does not seem to translate as easily.
The majority of pet owners view dental hygiene as an unimportant afterthought. But failing to take care of your dog’s teeth can lead to a number of problems which can lead to much bigger problems for both you and your pet.
What Dog Dental Hygiene Should Include
In order to prevent further health issues related to poor dental hygiene, dog owners should take charge of their pet’s health and implement a routine to care for teeth. The following things are necessary for a happy and healthy puppy’s mouth:
o Brushing-brushing should be started as early as possible in your dog’s life so that it can get used to the feeling. Starting later in life can lead to constant struggles between dogs and owners. By the time a puppy’s baby teeth have fallen out at around six months of age, he should be on a regular tooth brushing schedule.
o Finger brushing-using a finger brush is an easier and more effective way to brush your dog’s teeth. These brushes are simply slipped around the finger and then used in the dog’s mouth. It is easier to get more friction when brushing and plaque reduction is much greater.
o Dog toothpaste-using the wrong type of toothpaste can make your pet sick. There are specific toothpastes created for canines and their special needs.
o Checks-in between vet visits you should pull up your dog’s lips in order to inspect his teeth. Check for signs of periodontal disease such as swollen gums, significant tartar buildup and bleeding. If you notice signs that may be of concern, take your pet to the vet.
o Regular vet visits-during your regular vet visits it is important to ask your vet about your dog’s dental health. If there is severe buildup on his teeth, your vet may suggest having your dog’s teeth cleaned.
For more information on dental hygiene in dogs and the consequences of poor care, visit the website of the Austin Vet Clinic today.
Dental Care – What is an Optimal Oral Hygiene Routine?
02.19
Dental care is very important because the gums and teeth are directly connected to the blood stream and your teeth should be your first line of protection for good health. Researchers have found what appears to be a connection between gum disease, heart disease, stroke and even premature births.
Normally, in the case of gum disease is the body’s inflammatory response to the presence of bacteria associated with dental plaque. The theory suggests that inflammation in the gums become inflamed and unchecked, the infection of the gums is distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, the infection may have an impact on other inflammatory diseases that occur in the body.
While this relationship may exist, studies have not positively identified the reason for how or why it occurs. The practice of oral hygiene is important because it prevents the accumulation of dental plaque. It makes the point for two of the most common diseases found in the mouth, tooth decay and gum disease.
Dental plaque is a soft whitish deposit that forms on the tooth surface that is formed when bacteria (germs) combines with food and saliva. Plaque contains many types of bacteria and can only be removed by practicing good oral hygiene.
Regular oral hygiene visits to the dentist are vital to keep your teeth and gums clean and healthy, and to prevent potentially serious problems. This article will help you learn how to keep your smile looking its best using the best oral hygiene practices.
Visit the dentist twice a year. If you smoke, have gum disease or diabetes, consider more frequent visits. Brush your teeth after meals and snacks with an electric toothbrush if possible because it aids in removing plaque and massages the gums. Floss daily to remove plaque and reduce bacteria. Talk to with your dental hygienist at your next cleaning to learn where you had the most build-up of plaque so you can focus more on those areas. Brush your tongue. It is highly recommended by dentists because bacteria hides in the bumpy surface of the tongue. The bacteria feeds on the remnants of food which is the main cause of bad breath or halitosis. Stay away from sugary drinks and treats. Sugar promotes the growth of plaque. Eat foods high in calcium and Vitamins C and D. Use mouth rinses that
Endometriosis – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment of Endometriosis
02.18
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of tissue that resembles endometrial glands and stroma that normally line the inside of the uterus, is seen outside the uterine cavity. It is called adenomyosis, when the endometrial stroma is found in the uterine muscle which is sometimes referred to as endometriosis interna, while endometriosis externa refers to endometriosis involving other sites such as ovaries, utero-sacral ligaments, pelvic peritoneum, lower genital tract, bladder, bowel, lymph nodes, laparotomy scars and in the lungs and umbilicus; endometriotic cysts in the ovaries are called ‘chocolate cysts’.
Endometriosis is a chronic, debilitating condition that is seen among 7-10% women in the general population, 5-20% in the younger women and 5% in the post-menopausal women, who are on hormone replacement therapy. Endometrioid carcinoma is diagnosed when ovarian cancer and endometriosis exist together and the histology shows benign endometriosis and a transition zone between benign and malignant tissues.
Causes of Endometriosis:
There are many probable causes and theories attributed to this enigmatic condition that does not fit a definite mould. It is an estrogen dependent tumour as it is rare before the onset of menstruation and regresses after the menopause.
1. Retrograde Menstruation: Metastatic theory: tubal regurgitation of menstrual blood allows implantation of endometrial cells in the peritoneum, structures in the pelvic and abdominal cavity, especially the ovaries. Endometriosis regresses during pregnancy, which is likely to be due to the suppression of menstruation.
2. The Coelomic Metaplastic Theory: the metaplastic changes of the coelomic epithelium into endometrial glands could explain endometriosis in unusual sites; genital tract mucosa is derived from the primitive coelomic peritoneum.
3. Direct Implantation Theory: direct extension into the myometrium focuses on the most likely cause for Adenomyosis.
4. Lymphatic and Vascular Theory: this probably explains the presence of endometriosis in the lymph nodes and lungs
5. Changes in the immune system and genetics, increasing the susceptibility to endometriosis showing a familial tendency
Symptoms of Endometriosis:
There is no real correlation between the extent of endometriosis and the symptoms; the severity of symptoms depends on the site and the complications. Dysmenorrohea is the most common symptom, though cyclical pain and bleeding – bleeding from the rectum, the umbilicus or the bladder (haematuria) are also seen. Dyspareunia due to the involvement of utero-sacral ligaments, recto-vaginal septum and, or obliteration of the pouch of Douglas (cul-de-sac) or fixed retroversion of the uterus due to the scarring and adhesions can be most distressing to the woman and her partner. Hip joint pain due to adhesions and the involvement of the sciatic nerve can be excruciating.
Endometriosis of the ovary can result in ovarian cysts, called chocolate cysts due to the presence of altered blood, the rupture of which can cause inflammation of the peritoneum, severe pain associated with fever. This may simulate ovarian cancer and cause difficulty in diagnosing; there is a slight increased risk of ovarian cancer. But the incidence in certain age group and the clinical features along with diagnostic laparoscopy and histology differentiate the two. Adhesions in the pelvis can lead to sub-fertility and infertility. All these endometriosis symptoms have physical, psychological and social implications for the women involved, and their family. Symptoms and physical findings such as nodular and tender utero-sacral ligament and fixed retroversion of the uterus are suggestive of endometriosis. Identifying the typical blue-black spots or the powder-burn appearance or even the defects or clear areas in the peritoneum or the chocolate cysts, at laparoscopy is the ‘gold standard’ for diagnosing endometriosis.
Treatment of endometriosis:
symptomatic treatment for pain, with ibuprofen, paracetamol or codeine. Therapeutic trial of combined oral contraceptive pills or progestogens can be used initially before a definitive diagnosis is made. Suppression of ovarian function, using a noncyclical oral contraceptive pills or progestogens for 6 months or danazol, or Gonadotrophin releasing hormone analog for around 3 months, which may require an ad-back therapy to prevent osteoporosis.
Ablation of the endometriotic lesions by laser is ideal and best done at the initial diagnostic laparoscopy. Laparoscopic cystectomy is the preferred treatment for chocolate cysts; conservative surgery by laser ablation, division of adhesions and correction of retroversion are preferred in younger women, to preserve fertility choice; IVF is recommended if there is co-existing infertility. Hysterectomy with cytoreduction, division of adhesions, and or removal of ovaries may be required in older women, to prevent complications of bowel or bladder involvement later on or when recurrence occurs following conservative surgery.
One should be aware that surgery does not guarantee a complete cure. Post- operative treatment of progestogens, with or without hormone replacement can be given to prevent osteoporosis and vascular symptoms. In younger women a pregnancy may cure the disease permanently. The psychological impact caused by the severity of the symptoms of endometriosis is made worse by the infertility in the younger women. Endometriosis is a disease that is still undergoing extensive research, as to the cause, detection of a minimal invasive diagnostic tool and the best form of treatment – for an improved quality of life for all its victims.





